Federal Courts In New York and New Jersey Explore Streamlining Superstorm Sandy Discovery

Despite opposition by both many attorneys and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (“FEMA”), the federal court for the Eastern District of New York has now taken the first steps towards grouping some of the hundreds of pending Superstorm Sandy cases and expediting discovery in all of the them, and the District of New Jersey appears very likely to follow suit.

Superstorm Sandy is now officially the second most costly storm in United States history, having caused over $50 billion in damages, and one of the most heavily-impacted jurisdictions was the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York.  The Eastern District comprises Staten Island and all of Long Island, including the New York City boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens.  As of early February, over 800 Sandy cases were pending there against insurance carriers.  By contrast, less than half-a-dozen were in litigation in New York’s neighboring Southern District, which consists of Manhattan, the Bronx, the lower Hudson River valley.

shutterstock_158369090Faced with what she described as “an onslaught” of lawsuits, the district’s Chief Judge Carol Bagley Amon ordered the clerk to open a miscellaneous civil case captioned “In Re: Hurricane Sandy Cases,” Docket No. 14 MC 41, on January 10 “for the purposes of Pretrial Case Administration in all actions seeking insurance coverage for damage caused by Hurricane Sandy.”  She simultaneously directed three magistrate judges “to evaluate and make a recommendation regarding how to best handle all Hurricane Sandy cases.”

On January 14, the magistrates ordered counsel in all Superstorm Sandy matters that had been filed in the district’s two courthouses (Brooklyn and Central Islip) to submit schedules of their cases, identifying the parties, the properties, the judges assigned, and the “type of policy—wind damage, flood damage or both.”  The attorneys were also required to submit letters by January 24 setting forth their proposals with respect to how the court could logically group the matters for discovery and settlement purposes.  Finally, the panel scheduled a February conference to discuss counsel’s suggestions. Read more ›

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Posted in Catastrophes, Superstorm Sandy, U.S. Legal System

New York’s Highest Court Holds a Two-Year Suit Limitation Provision Can Be Unenforceable

In answer to a question certified by the Second Circuit, New York Court of Appeals has held that a two-year suit limitation provision in a property insurance policy – which the court acknowledged was not an “inherently unreasonable” provision – was unenforceable under the factual circumstances of the case before it.  Executive Plaza, LLC v. Peerless Ins. Co., — N.Y.3d –, 2014 WL 551251, 2014 N.Y. LEXIS 165 (N.Y. Feb. 13, 2014).  In doing so, the court held for the first time that such a limitation period may be rendered unreasonable by what it called an inappropriate accrual date.

shutterstock_94679761Peerless Insurance Company issued a $1 million fire insurance policy to Executive Plaza.  This gave Executive the choice to select payment of “actual cash value” or payment of  “replacement cost.”  The policy also provided that Peerless would not pay the replacement cost for any loss or damage until the property had actually been repaired or replaced.  Finally, the policy contained a suit limitation clause that required the insured to commence any legal action within two years from the date of loss.

On February 23, 2007, Executive’s office building in Island Park, New York was severely damaged in a fire.  Peerless paid the actual cash value of the destroyed building, and Executive then notified the insurer that it would be making a replacement cost claim for the balance of the $1 million policy limit.  Peerless responded that Executive could only do so after providing “documentation verifying the completion of repairs.” Read more ›

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Posted in Replacement Cost, Suit Limitation

Florida Property Manager’s Insurable Interest Is Limited To Its Fees

In Banta Properties, Inc. v. Arch Specialty, Ins. Co., —Fed.  Appx.— , 2014 WL 274478 (11th Cir., January 24, 2014), the Eleventh Circuit recently  held that a property manager’s insurable interest in the apartment complexes that it managed was limited to the income that it was entitled to receive under its contracts with the buildings’ owners.  Under Florida statutes, the measure of insurable interest is the loss that the policyholder might sustain from damage to the property, and that was held to preclude the property manager from asserting such an interest and recovering on its own behalf for the property damage that the apartments sustained from Hurricane Wilma.

shutterstock_111643277In October of 2005, Hurricane Wilma damaged three apartment complexes in Broward County, Florida.  The property manager for all three was Banta Properties, Inc., a company owned by various Banta family members.  The individual family members also owned two of the three properties at the time of the storm, having sold the third one (Parkcrest Apartments) to an unrelated, non-party entity two months beforehand.

Banta Properties was the named insured under a primary, $2.5 million commercial property policy from General Star Insurance Company.  The defendant, Arch Specialty, provided $8.5 million in excess property coverage, and both carriers’ contracts of insurance listed the three complexes as additional named insureds. Read more ›

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Posted in Additional Insureds, Hurricane, Insurable Interest

Wisconsin Adds “Septage” To The List Of Substances Deemed To Be Pollutants

In Preisler v. Kuettel’s Septic Service, LLC, et al., 2014 WL 114325 (Wisc.App., Jan. 14, 2014), the intermediate level of appellate court in Wisconsin recently held that “septage” – a combination of water, urine, feces, and chemicals that is used as a fertilizer – was “unambiguously a pollutant.”  The case involved the scope of comprehensive general liability (“CGL”) coverage, but the CGL policy exclusions at issue were virtually identical to pollution exclusions commonly found in first-party contracts of insurance.  The decision is important to property carriers as a result, and it also rejects a number of arguments that first-party insureds frequently make in an effort to limit or avoid the application of such language.

shutterstock_102263728The Preislers owned a dairy farm with cattle, and they used a well to stock a pool on the property.  For several years, they had defendant Kuettel’s Septic spray several thousand gallons of septage on their farmland.  Kuettel’s Septic was in the business of removing, hauling, storing and disposing of the substance, which comes from septic tanks, grease traps, floor pits, and car washes.  It is disposed of by either taking it to a treatment facility or by spreading it on farmland as a fertilizer.  It contains high levels of nitrogen.

In 2008, a large algae bloom appeared in the Preislers’ pool and their cattle began to die.  Tests subsequently showed that the septage had caused an elevated nitrate level in the well water.  The Preislers drilled a new well and then brought suit against Kuettel’s Septic and its CGL carriers, alleging private nuisance, trespass and strict liability and tort.  The insurers asserted that pollution exclusions in their policies barred coverage, and both the Circuit Court and the Wisconsin Court of Appeals agreed.

The contracts of insurance all excluded damage caused by the actual, alleged or threatened discharge, dispersal, seepage, migration, release or escape of pollutants.  In addition, they all defined the term “pollutant” to mean any solid, liquid, gaseous, or thermal irritant or contaminant including smoke, vapor, soot, fumes, acids, alkalines, chemicals and waste.  The appellate court had no difficulty in concluding that septage was “a contaminant, an irritant, and a waste substance” and, therefore, fell within the ambit of the exclusionary language. Read more ›

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Posted in Efficient Proximate Cause, Exclusions, Pollution, Reasonable Expectations

Saving Green by Going Green

As Kermit the Frog famously said: “It’s not easy being green.”  When it comes to property insurance, Kermit is only partially correct.  Although green buildings and commercial construction projects pose unique risks that are likely not covered by traditional commercial property policies, the insurance industry has become increasingly responsive to this issue by creating and offering products specifically tailored for green risks.

Just What is Green Construction, Anyway?

Green construction (also known as a “green building” or a “sustainable building”) is an environmentally responsible and resource efficient structure and process.  In other words, it’s not just the building itself that’s “green” – it’s the entire construction and using process.

The objective of green construction is to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and the natural environment.  To do so, there is an emphasis on, among other things:

  • Energy efficiency – reducing operating energy use through high-performance windows, passive solar design, and on-site generation of renewable energy;
  • Materials efficiency – utilizing recycled materials, rapidly renewable plant resources, and locally extracted and manufactured building materials to minimize energy expended their transport;
  • Indoor environmental quality (“IEQ”) – reducing volatile organic compounds in the air, maintaining an efficient ventilation system, and controlling moisture accumulation; and
  • Waste reduction – providing on-site compost bins to reduce the amount of occupant-generated matter which is hauled to a landfill, and innovative processes such as using “greywater” (water from, e.g., dishwashers and washing machines) or rainwater for subsurface irrigation and flushing toilets.

Why “Go Green”?

There are a variety of incentives for “going green.”  The environmental incentives are perhaps the most obvious: conserving natural resources, improving air and water quality, enhancing and protecting ecosystems and biodiversity, and reducing all the bad stuff (e.g., solid waste, greenhouse gas emissions, and the dreaded carbon footprint).  There are also social incentives, like increasing the respect and strength of a brand and positively impacting the health and social well-being of the building’s occupants.

shutterstock_140934022Of course, when we’re dealing with commercial construction and property insurance, the most significant incentive for “going green” is probably economic.  Over time, green buildings can reduce operating costs, improve employee productivity and satisfaction (a happy employee is a productive employee!), enhance asset value and profits, generate a better return on the owner’s investment (e.g., higher rents, sales prices and occupancy rates), reduce liability risks, and optimize the performance of a building during its life-cycle.  There are also federal, state or local tax incentives for certain types of green construction.

There can be a conflict between the “up-front” cost and the “life-cycle” cost, as green buildings can be more expensive to construct due to, for example, the novelty of the construction process or the use of certain less common materials.  In time, the “up-front” outlay is likely to be outweighed by the building’s “life-cycle” cost.  Take-away: green construction will likely generate a greater investment return than traditional construction. Read more ›

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Posted in Business Interuption, Green Insurance, Replacement Cost

Under Texas Law, The Policyholder’s Rights to Recover For A Loss Are Not Necessarily Extinguished By A Subsequent Foreclosure

shutterstock_44006719On November 27, 2013, an intermediate level Texas court handed down an opinion addressing the extent to which a policyholder’s claims for a covered loss survive foreclosure.  Peacock Hospitality, Inc. v. Association Casualty Ins. Co., 2013 WL 6188597 (Tex.App. San Antonio) arose after the policyholder Peacock Hospitality (“Peacock”) made claim against its property insurance carrier, Association Casualty Insurance Company (“Association Casualty”), for water damage from frozen pipes at a Holiday Inn.  The loss occurred on January 9, 2010.

The policyholder had gone into default on its mortgage several months earlier, and the mortgagee (the “Bank”) sent Peacock a notice of acceleration and foreclosure on January 28th.

On February 11th, Association Casualty tendered a check made payable to Peacock and the Bank jointly for its estimation of the loss.  The policyholder refused to endorse it, contending that it represented only one-fourth of the water damage that the hotel had sustained, but Association Casualty refused to re-inspect the property or to re-adjust the amount of the loss.  Meanwhile, the Bank foreclosed on March 2nd and sold the hotel some two-and-one-half months later on May 21st. Read more ›

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Posted in Freezing, Insurable Interest, Mortgagees, Water

Arkansas’ Supreme Court Prohibits The Depreciation Of Labor Costs Under An Actual Cash Value Policy

On November 21, 2013, Arkansas’ highest court held that “the costs of labor may not be depreciated when determining the actual cash value of a covered loss under an indemnity insurance policy that does not define the term ‘actual cash value.’”  In addition, the court bottomed its decision on both  the old canard of ambiguity and on the notion that depreciating labor is both illogical and inconsistent with the principle of indemnity.  As a result, even a change in policy language to expressly provide for labor’s depreciation might not pass muster in the state.

shutterstock_77965954Adams v. Cameron Mutual Ins. Co., 2013 Ark. 475 (Ark., Nov. 21, 2013) arose after a tornado damaged the Adamses’ home in Mena, Arkansas.  Their homeowners insurance carrier, Cameron Mutual Insurance Company, depreciated the entire repair estimate including the labor-only services such as the removal of roof decking, siding, and carpet and vinyl flooring.  The policyholders asserted that the contract of insurance did not allow for such depreciation, and they brought a would-be class action against the insurer in the Western District of Arkansas.  The federal court then certified the following question to Arkansas’ Supreme Court:

Whether an insurer in determining the “actual cash value” of a covered loss under an indemnity insurance policy may depreciate the costs of labor when the term “actual cash value” is not defined in the policy. Read more ›

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Posted in Actual Cash Value, Ambiguity, Depreciation, Tornado

Florida Courts Differ On Whether The Undefined Term “Structural Damage” In A Sinkhole Case Should Be Given A Broad Or A Narrow Interpretation

Since 2005, Florida law has defined “sinkhole loss” as “structural damage to the building, including the foundation, caused by sinkhole activity.”  The term “structural damage” was long-undefined, however, leading numerous Florida courts to interpret that phrase broadly as meaning nothing more than “damage to the structure.”  In 2011, however, the Florida Legislature adopted a much narrower five-part definition of “structural damage” for application when construing policies affording coverage for sinkhole loss.  Fla. Stat. §627.706(2)(k) (2011).  The state’s federal courts have now split on the issue of whether that definition automatically applies to contracts of insurance issued after the statute’s effective date.

shutterstock_92965489The question came to the forefront in Juan Pinzon and Jaqueline Espitia v. The First Liberty Ins. Corp., 2013 WL 5487027 (M.D.Fla., Sept. 30, 2013), a breach of contract action under a homeowners insurance policy.  The insureds contended that their property had suffered damages from sinkhole activity, but First Liberty denied the claim after securing a professional engineer’s report that concluded that “none of the damage at the Pinzon & Espitia residence are [sic] structural damage as defined by the Florida Statutes.”  A lawsuit followed.  After removal, First Liberty filed for summary judgment and requested that the court apply the narrow five-part definition of “structural damage” adopted in 2011 to the insureds’ claim.

The policy tracked the 2005 enactment; it defined the covered parallel “Sinkhole Loss” as meaning “structural damage to the building, including the foundation, caused by sinkhole activity,” but it afforded no definition of the phrase “structural damage” itself.  The contract of insurance had an inception date of June 9, 2011, which was 23 days after the new five-part definition went into effect on May 17, 2011, and First Liberty therefore argued that the narrow definition applied.  The insureds countered by contending that the court “should employ standard tenants of insurance contract interpretation and give [the phrase] the broadest possible interpretation to ensure coverage.” Read more ›

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About The Property Insurance Law Observer

For more than five decades, Cozen O’Connor has represented all types of property insurers in jurisdictions throughout the United States, and it is dedicated to keeping its clients abreast of developments that impact the insurance industry. The Property Insurance Law Observer will survey court decisions, enacted or proposed legislation, and regulatory activities from all 50 states. We will also include commentary on current issues and developing trends of interest to first-party insurers.

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