Eleventh Circuit: Inventory Computation Exclusion Bars Alabama Employee Theft Claim

shutterstock_88107937In February, we reported on an Alabama federal court decision that barred an insured from recovering for employee theft where the only evidence of shortage was a comparison between computer records and a physical inventory conducted after the malefactor had been discharged.  On August 6th, a unanimous panel of the Eleventh Circuit affirmed in W.L. Petrey Wholesale Co. v. Great Amer. Ins. Co., 2015 U.S. App. LEXIS 13738, 2015 WL 4646599 (11th Cir., Aug. 6, 2015).  The judges held that the policy’s inventory computation exclusion was unambiguous and that inventory computation evidence was only admissible to prove the amount of loss after the existence of loss had been shown by other means.

As we noted earlier this year, the insured was a wholesale distributor of goods supplied to convenience stores.  Each of its salespeople rented a storage unit from the policyholder, ordered inventory from the insured’s warehouse for delivery to that unit, and then distributed the goods to customers on their routes.  In 2013, an Indiana salesperson named Justin Bree was fired after his primary customer requested that he not service its stores any longer.  One month later, the policyholder inventoried his storage unit and discovered an $111,415.35 shortage of one particular product.  Comparisons between Bree’s orders and his sales revealed a pattern of ordering more of that product than sales required. Read more ›

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Posted in Conditions, Exclusions, Theft or Dishonesty

Texas Court Addresses What Constitutes an “Itemized” Appraisal Decision

On Tuesday of this week, a unanimous panel of Texas’ intermediate level appellate court rejected arguments that an appraisal award that set forth lump sum replacement cost, depreciation, and actual cash value amounts for real property, personal property, and additional living expense was not sufficiently “itemized.”  In Cantu v. Southern Ins. Co., 2015 Tex. App. LEXIS 8847 (Aug. 25, 2015), it also rejected the policyholder’s contention that a court, having appointed an umpire when the two appraisers were unable to agree, was without authority to remove him and select a replacement.  The decision is not currently reported on WestLaw.

shutterstock_227485471The insured’s home was damaged by 2011’s massive Bastrop County Complex Fire.  After disputes arose over the amount of loss, the insurer invoked the appraisal clause in the contract of insurance.  The parties’ appraisers were unable to agree on an umpire, and the carrier then requested that the court appoint one.  The district judge proceeded to do so, and, four months later for unspecified reasons, removed him and appointed a replacement umpire in his stead.

The replacement umpire and the insurer’s appraiser subsequently reached agreement on the amount of loss.  The carrier promptly tendered a check for that amount,  and it filed a declaratory judgment action after the policyholder refused to accept it, seeking a declaration at the award was valid and binding.  The trial court granted it’s motion for summary judgment, and the matter then went up on appeal.  On August 25th, Justice Melissa Goodwin and two other members of the Texas Court of Appeals affirmed. Read more ›

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Posted in Arbitration and Appraisal, Fire, Wildfire

Hurricanes vs. Wildfires — 2015’s Dramatic Contrast

Two of this blog’s four rotating headers depict a hurricane and a fire as examples of potentially-destructive types of property damage, and the hurricane season (June through November) and the wildfire season (late spring through mid-fall) are both well under way.  This year has brought good news to the east coast with respect to the former and catastrophically bad news to the west coast with respect to the latter.

shutterstock_128759000There are obviously many reasons for this.  The west is undergoing a historically severe drought; the snowpack in California is currently 5% of what it should be.  The region is also suffering from extreme heat; 2015 is the second warmest year ever recorded in Alaska, and temperatures in the west as a whole are now averaging two degrees hotter than they did in the 1980’s.  This year’s “Godzilla” el Niño is also a factor, because that tends to heat the west coast but inhibit hurricane formation in the Atlantic basin.

 Hurricanes

Atlantic Ocean hurricanes were a major threat as recently as 10 years ago.  2005 saw 27 named storms, 15 of which became hurricanes.  Since 2010, however, the average has fallen to only 12 named storms and 6 hurricanes a year, with only 3 of the latter reaching Category 3 (110 mph) status.  Early August saw 2 of the most respected predictive models downgrade their estimates for 2015.  On August 4th, Phil Klotzbach and William Gray of the Department of Atmospheric Sciences at Colorado University announced that this would be “a well-below normal Atlantic hurricane season” with some 8 named storms and only 2 hurricanes.  Two days later, on August 6th, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration downgraded its forecast as well.  NOAA now says there is a 90% chance that 2015 will be a below-normal season with some 6-10 named storms and only 1-4 hurricanes, with no more than one becoming a major storm.  To date, there have been 4 named storms (Ana, Bill, Claudette, and Danny) and no hurricanes in the Atlantic basin. Read more ›

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Posted in Fire, Hurricane, Wildfire

New Jersey Judge Writes a Primer on How Not to Draft a Denial Letter

Last month, a federal trial court in New Jersey shot down an insurer’s arguments that it had unambiguously denied coverage for Superstorm Sandy damage in a letter to the insured.  In Liguori v. Certain Underwriters at Lloyds, 2015WL 4402851. 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 93090 (D.N.J., Jul. 17, 2015),  the judge found that correspondence announcing that the carrier was “pleased to inform you” that wind damage was covered while flood was “expressly excluded” and concluding with what he called an “open-ended statement that the letter could be amended should new information become available” simply did not pass muster as a formal denial.

shutterstock_229872406The insureds owned a home in Seaside Heights that was demolished by the storm on October 29, 2012, and they filed a claim for “storm damages.”  Their homeowners carrier had the property inspected by an engineer, and he concluded that while wind had caused some damage to the structure, its loss was primarily attributable to storm surge and flooding.

On February 25, 2013, the insurer sent a letter to the policyholders reciting as follows:

We are pleased to inform you damages resulting from wind are covered under your Property Insurance Policy.  Our inspection revealed damages to your property.  We enclose our estimate of repair which totals $___.  After the recoverable depreciation in the amount of $___ and your wind deductible of $___ has been applied, this renders a net claim of $___.  Under separate cover a check of $___ will be forwarded to the policy address. Read more ›

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Posted in Homeowners Coverage, Hurricane, Loss Adjustment, Suit Limitation, Superstorm Sandy

Eighth Circuit: Repairs May Be Compensable as Extra Expense Even if They Don’t Reduce the Business Income Loss

shutterstock_238547014“Read the policy, read the policy, read the policy” is a famous piece of advice for coverage counsel everywhere.  Last Friday in Midwest Reg’l Allergy, Asthma, Arthritis & Osteoporosis Center v. Cincinnati Ins. Co., 2015 WL 4590642, 2015 U.S. App. LEXIS 13430 (8th Cir., Jul. 31, 2015), a unanimous panel of the Court of Appeals rejected arguments that a contract of insurance required that any Extra Expense serve to reduce the otherwise payable business income loss in order to be compensable.  As interpreted by the court, the policy was written in such a fashion as to make that a prerequisite for only one of the three defined types of Extra Expense.

The insured operated a clinic in Joplin, Missouri.  On May 22, 2011, the city was devastated by an F5 tornado that killed 158 people and caused almost $3 billion in damage, making it the costliest in U.S. history.  The clinic was in the twister’s path; its MRI machine was heavily damaged and its x-ray machine, bone density scanner and laboratory analysis and specialty infusion equipment were all destroyed.  The policyholder relocated to temporary offices in nearby Webb City and continued to operate, but it did so without the revenue streams which it would have received from the damaged and destroyed devices. Read more ›

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Posted in Extra Expense, Tornado

Kansas Court Sanctions Depreciation of Labor to Determine Actual Cash Value

Two of our previous posts reported that Arkansas and Kentucky courts have now barred insurers from depreciating labor—as opposed to materials—when arriving at actual cash value (ACV).  Last Wednesday in Graves v. American Family Mut. Ins. Co., 2015 WL 4478468, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 95127 (D.Kan., Jul. 22, 2015), a federal court in Kansas reached the opposite result in a case of first impression in that state, holding that ACV entails depreciating both materials and labor.

shutterstock_81047554A storm damaged the insured’s roof in December 2013, and she made claim under her homeowners policy.  The contract of insurance called for payment on an ACV basis unless the damage had been completely repaired or replaced, and it defined ACV as “[t]he amount which it would cost to repair or replace damaged property with property of like kind and quality, less allowance for physical deterioration and depreciation, including obsolescence.”  The insurer paid this amount after determining the replacement cost and depreciating both materials and labor, and it subsequently tendered the holdback after the roof had been fixed.  The insured then brought suit, seeking class action status and arguing that the carrier’s practice of depreciating the cost of labor when determining ACV was unlawful.

Last week, the District of Kansas disagreed, and it granted summary judgment to the insurer. Read more ›

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Posted in Actual Cash Value, Depreciation, Homeowners Coverage, Loss Adjustment, Replacement Cost

Insurance Fraud Act Suits by Insurers Held to Trigger Right to Jury Trials in New Jersey

Last week, the New Jersey Supreme Court unanimously held that a civil defendant sued by an insurance company for violations of the state’s Insurance Fraud Prevention Act (IFPA) has the right to trial by jury.  In Allstate New Jersey Ins. Co. v. Lajara, 2015 WL  4276162, 2015 N.J. LEXIS 797 (Jul. 16, 2015), the six justices decided that a statutory IFPA claim triggers the jury trial right because it seeks compensatory and punitive damages and is legal in nature as a result and because the elements necessary to prove such a claim are similar to common-law fraud.

shutterstock_121502677In December, 2008 Allstate and four affiliated companies brought suit against 63 defendants, alleging the violations of IFPA.  Those sued included physicians, chiropractors, and medical and equipment providers.  The 604 paragraph complaint asserted that the defendants that engaged in a wide-ranging scheme to defraud the carriers of over $8 million by providing unnecessary care, engaging in fraudulent testing, creating bogus medical bills and records, and even staging accidents and recruiting accident victims.  The plaintiffs sought compensatory and treble damages, as well as equitable relief in the form of disgorgement of benefits already paid and liens on the defendants’ assets. Read more ›

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Posted in Fraud and False Swearing, Regulation, U.S. Legal System

California Court: Appraisers Cannot be Directed to Assign Loss Values to Undamaged or Non-Existent Items in the Insured’s Scope

It is axiomatic that the appraisers’ task is solely to determine the amount of loss, as opposed to coverage or liability.  In Li-Lin Sung v. California Capital Ins. Co., 2015 WL 3797827, 2015 Cal. App. LEXIS 530 (Jun. 18, 2015), a unanimous panel of California’s Court of Appeal recently held that that necessarily entailed assessing whether components of the policyholder’s claim were actually damaged or even in existence at the time of the loss.  According to the opinion, it was error to compel the appraisers to assign loss values to each and every item the insured claimed — such as damage to non-existent windows or to a fourth story on a three-story building — because assessing the existence and nature of any damage is an integral part of the appraisers’ job.

shutterstock_86367859The policyholder owned an apartment building in Oakland that was damaged by fire in November of 2010.  The blaze was confined to one unit, and the insurer valued the loss at approximately $180,000.  The insured contended that there was extensive fire and smoke damage to five other apartments, however, requiring that all six units be completely gutted and rebuilt and that the building’s exterior be renovated and repainted.  Her claim exceeded $800,000.

The policyholder petitioned the court to compel appraisal, and the judge granted the petition and directed the appraisers to prepare separate valuations for:  (1) all of the items of loss claimed to have been damaged by the insured; and (2) all of the items of loss admitted to have been damaged by the carrier.  The panel’s award had replacement cost valuations of $813,884.89 and $190,505.21 respectively. Read more ›

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Posted in Arbitration and Appraisal, Fire, Investigation, Loss Adjustment

Sixth Circuit: A Michigan Collapse Extension Overrides Exclusions for Cracking and Defective Design

shutterstock_132122144In Joy Tabernacle — The New Testament Church v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 2015 WL 3824733, 2015 U.S. App. LEXIS 10707 (6th Cir., Jun. 22, 2015), a unanimous panel of the federal Court of Appeals recently held that a collapse extension of coverage negates a policy’s exclusions for cracking and faulty workmanship and design because more specific provisions of a contract of insurance are controlling over general ones.  The court noted that any collapse necessarily entails “the cracking of beams and walls” and that giving effect to the exclusion under those circumstances would render the extension nugatory.  In addition, the defective design exclusion was ineffective because the collapse extension specifically recited that collapse caused at least in part by one of its enumerated perils was covered even if faulty workmanship and design was a contributory factor.

The insured was a Presbyterian church in Flint, Michigan.  On December 15, 2012, the plaster ceiling of the sanctuary of the congregation’s 85-year-old building collapsed.  The insurer made initial payments for clean-up costs, but after a series of inspections were conducted, it elected to deny the claim, and litigation ensued.  The district court granted summary judgment to the carrier, and that led to an appeal. Read more ›

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Posted in Collapse, Exclusions, Faulty Workmanship or Design, Hidden Decay, Settling or Cracking

Tennessee Court Weighs in on Whether Arson is a Species of Vandalism and Malicious Mischief

Last month in what was a case of first impression in Tennessee, a unanimous panel of the state’s intermediate level appellate court joined those jurisdictions that have concluded that arson does not constitute a type of vandalism and malicious mischief.  As is typically the case, the issue arose after a fire destroyed a vacant building and the carrier denied liability because the policy excluded loss by vandalism and malicious mischief during vacancy.  Southern Trust Ins. Co. v. Phillips, 2015 WL 3612989, 2015 Tenn. App. LEXIS 457 (Tenn.Ct.App., Jun. 10, 2015) contains a helpful canvas of state law on both sides of the question, but the holding itself is obviously far less useful for insurers.

shutterstock_37775893The insured owned a home in Lake City that was heavily damaged by fire on February 27, 2013.  It was undisputed that the dwelling was vacant at the time of the blaze and that the fire was caused by arson.  The insurer denied liability and filed a declaratory judgment action, seeking an adjudication that the loss was excluded.  After cross-motions for summary judgment were filed, the trial court held that the contract of insurance was ambiguous and construed it in favor of coverage.

The policy excluded loss by “vandalism and malicious mischief, theft or attempted theft if the dwelling has been vacant for more than 30 consecutive days immediately before the loss,” and the carrier contended that vandalism and malicious mischief encompassed arson.  The insured argued that arson did not fall within the meaning of those two (undefined) terms, pointing to the fact that Coverage C for loss to personal property and the section that addressed loss to trees and shrubs both afforded protection for damage by “fire or lightening” on the one hand and vandalism and malicious mischief on the other, thereby differentiating between the two perils. Read more ›

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Posted in Arson, Arson and Fraud, Exclusions, Fire, Vacant or Unoccupied, Vandalism
About The Property Insurance Law Observer

For more than five decades, Cozen O’Connor has represented all types of property insurers in jurisdictions throughout the United States, and it is dedicated to keeping its clients abreast of developments that impact the insurance industry. The Property Insurance Law Observer will survey court decisions, enacted or proposed legislation, and regulatory activities from all 50 states. We will also include commentary on current issues and developing trends of interest to first-party insurers.

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