Eighth Circuit: Repairs May Be Compensable as Extra Expense Even if They Don’t Reduce the Business Income Loss

shutterstock_238547014“Read the policy, read the policy, read the policy” is a famous piece of advice for coverage counsel everywhere.  Last Friday in Midwest Reg’l Allergy, Asthma, Arthritis & Osteoporosis Center v. Cincinnati Ins. Co., 2015 WL 4590642, 2015 U.S. App. LEXIS 13430 (8th Cir., Jul. 31, 2015), a unanimous panel of the Court of Appeals rejected arguments that a contract of insurance required that any Extra Expense serve to reduce the otherwise payable business income loss in order to be compensable.  As interpreted by the court, the policy was written in such a fashion as to make that a prerequisite for only one of the three defined types of Extra Expense.

The insured operated a clinic in Joplin, Missouri.  On May 22, 2011, the city was devastated by an F5 tornado that killed 158 people and caused almost $3 billion in damage, making it the costliest in U.S. history.  The clinic was in the twister’s path; its MRI machine was heavily damaged and its x-ray machine, bone density scanner and laboratory analysis and specialty infusion equipment were all destroyed.  The policyholder relocated to temporary offices in nearby Webb City and continued to operate, but it did so without the revenue streams which it would have received from the damaged and destroyed devices. Read more ›

About The Author
Tagged with: ,
Posted in Extra Expense, Tornado

Kansas Court Sanctions Depreciation of Labor to Determine Actual Cash Value

Two of our previous posts reported that Arkansas and Kentucky courts have now barred insurers from depreciating labor—as opposed to materials—when arriving at actual cash value (ACV).  Last Wednesday in Graves v. American Family Mut. Ins. Co., 2015 WL 4478468, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 95127 (D.Kan., Jul. 22, 2015), a federal court in Kansas reached the opposite result in a case of first impression in that state, holding that ACV entails depreciating both materials and labor.

shutterstock_81047554A storm damaged the insured’s roof in December 2013, and she made claim under her homeowners policy.  The contract of insurance called for payment on an ACV basis unless the damage had been completely repaired or replaced, and it defined ACV as “[t]he amount which it would cost to repair or replace damaged property with property of like kind and quality, less allowance for physical deterioration and depreciation, including obsolescence.”  The insurer paid this amount after determining the replacement cost and depreciating both materials and labor, and it subsequently tendered the holdback after the roof had been fixed.  The insured then brought suit, seeking class action status and arguing that the carrier’s practice of depreciating the cost of labor when determining ACV was unlawful.

Last week, the District of Kansas disagreed, and it granted summary judgment to the insurer. Read more ›

About The Author
Tagged with: ,
Posted in Actual Cash Value, Depreciation, Homeowners Coverage, Loss Adjustment, Replacement Cost

Insurance Fraud Act Suits by Insurers Held to Trigger Right to Jury Trials in New Jersey

Last week, the New Jersey Supreme Court unanimously held that a civil defendant sued by an insurance company for violations of the state’s Insurance Fraud Prevention Act (IFPA) has the right to trial by jury.  In Allstate New Jersey Ins. Co. v. Lajara, 2015 WL  4276162, 2015 N.J. LEXIS 797 (Jul. 16, 2015), the six justices decided that a statutory IFPA claim triggers the jury trial right because it seeks compensatory and punitive damages and is legal in nature as a result and because the elements necessary to prove such a claim are similar to common-law fraud.

shutterstock_121502677In December, 2008 Allstate and four affiliated companies brought suit against 63 defendants, alleging the violations of IFPA.  Those sued included physicians, chiropractors, and medical and equipment providers.  The 604 paragraph complaint asserted that the defendants that engaged in a wide-ranging scheme to defraud the carriers of over $8 million by providing unnecessary care, engaging in fraudulent testing, creating bogus medical bills and records, and even staging accidents and recruiting accident victims.  The plaintiffs sought compensatory and treble damages, as well as equitable relief in the form of disgorgement of benefits already paid and liens on the defendants’ assets. Read more ›

About The Author
Tagged with: , ,
Posted in Fraud and False Swearing, Regulation, U.S. Legal System

California Court: Appraisers Cannot be Directed to Assign Loss Values to Undamaged or Non-Existent Items in the Insured’s Scope

It is axiomatic that the appraisers’ task is solely to determine the amount of loss, as opposed to coverage or liability.  In Li-Lin Sung v. California Capital Ins. Co., 2015 WL 3797827, 2015 Cal. App. LEXIS 530 (Jun. 18, 2015), a unanimous panel of California’s Court of Appeal recently held that that necessarily entailed assessing whether components of the policyholder’s claim were actually damaged or even in existence at the time of the loss.  According to the opinion, it was error to compel the appraisers to assign loss values to each and every item the insured claimed — such as damage to non-existent windows or to a fourth story on a three-story building — because assessing the existence and nature of any damage is an integral part of the appraisers’ job.

shutterstock_86367859The policyholder owned an apartment building in Oakland that was damaged by fire in November of 2010.  The blaze was confined to one unit, and the insurer valued the loss at approximately $180,000.  The insured contended that there was extensive fire and smoke damage to five other apartments, however, requiring that all six units be completely gutted and rebuilt and that the building’s exterior be renovated and repainted.  Her claim exceeded $800,000.

The policyholder petitioned the court to compel appraisal, and the judge granted the petition and directed the appraisers to prepare separate valuations for:  (1) all of the items of loss claimed to have been damaged by the insured; and (2) all of the items of loss admitted to have been damaged by the carrier.  The panel’s award had replacement cost valuations of $813,884.89 and $190,505.21 respectively. Read more ›

About The Author
Tagged with:
Posted in Arbitration and Appraisal, Fire, Investigation, Loss Adjustment

Sixth Circuit: A Michigan Collapse Extension Overrides Exclusions for Cracking and Defective Design

shutterstock_132122144In Joy Tabernacle — The New Testament Church v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 2015 WL 3824733, 2015 U.S. App. LEXIS 10707 (6th Cir., Jun. 22, 2015), a unanimous panel of the federal Court of Appeals recently held that a collapse extension of coverage negates a policy’s exclusions for cracking and faulty workmanship and design because more specific provisions of a contract of insurance are controlling over general ones.  The court noted that any collapse necessarily entails “the cracking of beams and walls” and that giving effect to the exclusion under those circumstances would render the extension nugatory.  In addition, the defective design exclusion was ineffective because the collapse extension specifically recited that collapse caused at least in part by one of its enumerated perils was covered even if faulty workmanship and design was a contributory factor.

The insured was a Presbyterian church in Flint, Michigan.  On December 15, 2012, the plaster ceiling of the sanctuary of the congregation’s 85-year-old building collapsed.  The insurer made initial payments for clean-up costs, but after a series of inspections were conducted, it elected to deny the claim, and litigation ensued.  The district court granted summary judgment to the carrier, and that led to an appeal. Read more ›

About The Author
Tagged with: ,
Posted in Collapse, Exclusions, Faulty Workmanship or Design, Hidden Decay, Settling or Cracking

Tennessee Court Weighs in on Whether Arson is a Species of Vandalism and Malicious Mischief

Last month in what was a case of first impression in Tennessee, a unanimous panel of the state’s intermediate level appellate court joined those jurisdictions that have concluded that arson does not constitute a type of vandalism and malicious mischief.  As is typically the case, the issue arose after a fire destroyed a vacant building and the carrier denied liability because the policy excluded loss by vandalism and malicious mischief during vacancy.  Southern Trust Ins. Co. v. Phillips, 2015 WL 3612989, 2015 Tenn. App. LEXIS 457 (Tenn.Ct.App., Jun. 10, 2015) contains a helpful canvas of state law on both sides of the question, but the holding itself is obviously far less useful for insurers.

shutterstock_37775893The insured owned a home in Lake City that was heavily damaged by fire on February 27, 2013.  It was undisputed that the dwelling was vacant at the time of the blaze and that the fire was caused by arson.  The insurer denied liability and filed a declaratory judgment action, seeking an adjudication that the loss was excluded.  After cross-motions for summary judgment were filed, the trial court held that the contract of insurance was ambiguous and construed it in favor of coverage.

The policy excluded loss by “vandalism and malicious mischief, theft or attempted theft if the dwelling has been vacant for more than 30 consecutive days immediately before the loss,” and the carrier contended that vandalism and malicious mischief encompassed arson.  The insured argued that arson did not fall within the meaning of those two (undefined) terms, pointing to the fact that Coverage C for loss to personal property and the section that addressed loss to trees and shrubs both afforded protection for damage by “fire or lightening” on the one hand and vandalism and malicious mischief on the other, thereby differentiating between the two perils. Read more ›

About The Author
Tagged with: , ,
Posted in Arson, Arson and Fraud, Exclusions, Fire, Vacant or Unoccupied, Vandalism

Seventh Circuit Holds Insured Entitled to a New Roof for Purely Cosmetic Hail Damage

The Seventh Circuit is becoming a difficult venue for insurers.  In November we reported that the Court of Appeals had held that the phrase “continuous or repeated exposure” in definition of occurrence meant that a continuous trigger theory applied, leaving the carrier exposed to a claim for 11 years of gradual water damage that was first reported 5 years after the last insurance policy expired.  Last month, in Advance Cable Co. v. Cincinnati Ins. Co., 2015 WL 3630699, 2015 U.S. App. LEXIS 9805 (7th Cir., Jun. 11, 2015), the same court held that cosmetic hail damage to a roof that had no affect on the structure’s functionality or life expectancy nonetheless constituted “direct physical loss” and required the insurer to pay for a replacement.

shutterstock_88109659Advance Cable had a building in Middleton, Wisconsin that sustained hail damage on April 3, 2011.  The insurer’s claim representative inspected the roof and observed no damage.  Six months later, the policyholder was contemplating a sale, and the buyer had the structure looked at.  Its inspector stated that there was “definitely hail damage,” and the insured asked the carrier to reopen its claim.  The resulting report by the insurer’s representative found hail dents up to 1” in diameter but concluded that these neither “affect[ed] the performance of the [roof] panels” nor “detract[ed] from the panels’ life expectancy.”  There was no evidence of record to the contrary. Read more ›

About The Author
Tagged with: , ,
Posted in Direct Physical Loss or Damage, Hailstorm

New York Court: Broadly-Worded Flood Limit “Meaningless” Unless it Applies to Any Kind of Loss Caused by Flood

Yesterday in El-Ad West LLC v. Zurich American Ins. Co., 2015 WL 4078762, 2015 N.Y. App. Div. LEXIS 5753 (N.Y.App.Div., Jul. 7, 2015), a unanimous panel of New York’s intermediate level appellate court held that a flood sub-limit capped all loss caused by flood, without regard to whether it was physical damage to property or a “downstream” financial loss such as delay in completion.  In the words of the opinion, reading the contract of insurance in such a way as to find that the flood sub-limit did not apply to delay in completion losses “would render the flood limit meaningless with respect to that coverage.”  The panel thereby affirmed a Superstorm Sandy decision that we reported on in July of last year; it was a case of first impression in New York.

shutterstock_39408994The policyholder was a developer that was converting an office building in Tribeca in lower Manhattan into luxury condominiums when Superstorm Sandy flooded the premises in October of 2012.  The storm caused more than $20 million in property damage and delay in completion loss.  The insured had a builder’s risk policy with a $115 million overall limit of liability, but there was a $7 million sub-limit for delay in completion and a $5 million sub-limit for “all losses or damages arising during a continuous condition as defined in the definition of FLOOD.”

The insured contended that it was entitled to recover $12 million, arguing that the delay in completion loss was not subject to the flood sub-limit.  The insurer disagreed, and litigation ensued.  On June 27, 2014, the trial court agreed with the carrier and granted partial summary judgment.  As the judge’s opinion explained, the broad definition of what kind of loss was subject to the $5 million flood sub-limit meant that “a loss that would not have occurred but for a flood is subject to a $5 million annual aggregate limit, without regard to the type of loss suffered since the expression ‘all losses or damages arising during [a flood]’ clearly does not exclude non-physical losses.” Read more ›

About The Author
Tagged with:
Posted in Builders' Risk, Delay in Completion, Flood, Superstorm Sandy

Texas Court Rejects Ambiguity Arguments Bottomed on a Single Phrase

shutterstock_235607581Last Thursday in King v. Burwell, 2015 WL 2473448, 2015 U.S. LEXIS 4248 (U.S., Jun. 25, 2015), Chief Justice Roberts explained that “[a] provision that may seem ambiguous in isolation is often clarified by the remainder of the statutory scheme” when construing a law.  In the same fashion, it is inappropriate to find ambiguity residing in a single phrase in a contract of insurance when the meaning can be clarified by referring to the policy as a whole.  That was the teaching of a recent opinion by a unanimous panel of Texas’ intermediate level appellate court in 3109 Props. L.L.C. v. Truck Ins. Exch., 2015 WL 3827580, 2015 Tex. App. LEXIS 6146 (Tex.Ct.App., Jun. 18, 2015).

The insured was filmmaker Richard Linklater, the director of over a dozen films including Matthew McConaughey’s debut, the 1993 coming of age comedy Dazed and Confused.  Linklater had a $500,000 archive of his various film projects in a building in Paige, Texas.  In September of 2011, that was destroyed by the Bastrop County Complex Fire, a 32,000-acre inferno that did $325 million in insured property damage in southeast Texas; it is still the state’s most destructive blaze. Read more ›

About The Author
Tagged with: , ,
Posted in Ambiguity, Fire, Newly-Acquired Property, Wildfire

Oklahoma Holds Question of Whether Fracking Causes Earthquakes is for the Courts to Decide.

The issue of whether hydraulic fracturing or “fracking” causes earthquakes has first-party insurance implications because policies typically exclude damage from tremors attributable to man-made causes as opposed to purely unnatural ones.  We’ve discussed the issue in two recent posts after Insurance Commissioners in Oklahoma and Pennsylvania publicly warned carriers against denying earthquake claims on the basis that they were attributable to oil and gas drilling.  The jury is still out on the issue, but scientific evidence linking fracking to the tremors is accumulating rapidly.

shutterstock_140632915At the present time, Oklahoma is at the “sharp end of the spear” with respect to this issue because the state experienced fully 567 quakes of Magnitude 3.0 or greater in 2014.  That is the more than in the proceeding 30 years combined, and Oklahoma is on track to see fully 1100 such earthquakes n 2015!  When he released his bulletin in March, the state’s Insurance Commissioner stated that his office would assume that the state’s quakes were not man-made “[u]ntil a legal ruling is made.”  It now appears that just such a ruling may well be coming in the Sooner State.

Two days ago in Ladra v. The New Dominion, LLC, 2015 OK 53, 2015 WL 3982748, 2015 Okla. LEXIS 71 (Okla., Jun. 30, 2015), a unanimous state Supreme Court cleared the way for a lawsuit over causation to go forward.  The plaintiff contends that disposal of the massive amounts of wastewater from fracking by injection into deep wells caused a serious 2011 earthquake.  That matter, as well as other litigation that the decision will inevitably spawn, will be closely followed by both the energy industry and by fracking opponents, and it should be monitored by insurers as well given what the court called the “dramatic increase in the frequency and severity of earthquakes” in Oklahoma and other frack-high jurisdictions and the consequent ramping-up of resulting insurance claims. Read more ›

About The Author
Tagged with: , ,
Posted in Causation, Earthquake, Homeowners Coverage, Regulation
About The Property Insurance Law Observer

For more than five decades, Cozen O’Connor has represented all types of property insurers in jurisdictions throughout the United States, and it is dedicated to keeping its clients abreast of developments that impact the insurance industry. The Property Insurance Law Observer will survey court decisions, enacted or proposed legislation, and regulatory activities from all 50 states. We will also include commentary on current issues and developing trends of interest to first-party insurers.

Subscribe For Updates

propertyinsurancelawobserver

Archives
Topics
Cozen O’Connor Blogs